Keywords describe or define your research question’s main ideas. They can be words or phrases pulled directly from your research question or thesis. They can also be synonyms of those words or phrases. In preparing to search databases it is helpful to first identify useful keywords that can be entered into a database search box alone or in combination with other keywords.
? A question mark is called a wild card. In a search, it replaces one character within a word.
* An asterisk is used for truncation. It is always placed at the end. It searches for all words that start with the root phrase before the pound sign. The * represents any number of letters at the end of the word.
And / Or / Not
These are Boolean operators.
Think of each keyword as having a "set" of results that are connected with it.
These sets can be combined to produce a different "set" of results.
AND is used to reveal only the documents that have both ​concepts.. Use AND to narrow your search.
For example. Below you see the difference in the amount of results that occurs by using the various operators.
Search Term
Hits
HIV
123,252 hits
Denialism
91 hits
HIV AND Denialism
36 hits
The words "HIV' and 'Denialism will both be present in each record.
OR is a connector that allows either word to be present in each record in the results. Use OR to expand your search.
Adolescents
86,877 hits
Teenagers
151,644 hits
Adolescents OR teenagers
182,833 hits
Either 'adolescents' or 'teenagers' (or both) will be present in each record.
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NOT is a connector that requires the first word be present in each record in the results, but only if the record does not contain the second word.
Adolescents OR Teenagers
NOT United States
2,598 hits
So a search for HIV AND Adolescents OR Teenagers NOT in the United States will remove records that include United States